Footnotes

Bone first enamelled a smaller version (185mm.x144mm.) of the present lot in June 1819. This version was no.11 in the exhibition "Catalogue of Portraits of Illustrious Characters", exhibiting in the gallery of the British Institution 1833 and was one of 85 enamels sold at Christie's, 27th April, 1936. This enamel is recorded in vol.I p.27b of Henry Bone's drawings (cf. R. Walker; Henry Bone's Pencil Drawings, The Walpole Society, LXI, 1999, p.338, no.383).

Thomas, the son of the poet Earl of Surrey (who was executed in 1547) and cousin to Elizabeth I. He was Philip ll's first Gentleman of the Bedchamber and succeeded his grandfather as Duke of Norfolk and Earl Marshal in 1554. He was Catholic, despite having been raised as a Protestant under John Foxe and was to pursue a scheme to marry Mary, Queen of Scots as his fourth wife. For this he was imprisoned in the Tower and was executed in 1572 for his part in the Ridolfi Plot, A Catholic conspiracy, conceived by an Italian banker, Roberto Ridolfi and supported by Spain, to murder Elizabeth I and place Mary Queen of Scots on the English throne. The prototype for these enamels appears now to be lost, however two recorded 16th Century engravings, one after a print by Elstrack, appear to relate to the same portrait.

Thomas had three advantageous marriages; he married, firstly in 1554, Lady Mary Fitzalan, daughter of the 12th (and last Fitzalan) Earl of Arundel. She died a year later after giving birth to a son, Philip. Through this marriage Thomas gained the prefix "Fitzalan" to his surname Howard and Arundel Castle as the seat of the Duke of Norfolk, as it remains today.

In 1558 he married secondly, Margaret, daughter of Thomas, Lord Audley, by whom he had two sons and two daughters. Thirdly, he married the widowed Lady Dacre, and arranged to marry his three sons to her three daughters. When young George, her only son was killed in a fall from a horse, the vast Dacre estates, now part of Castle Howard estate, all came under the control of the Howard family.

The location of the original portrait as recorded by Bone was the Worksop Manor Estate in Nottinghamshire, which had come into the Howard family in 1606, following the marriage of Althea, daughter and heiress of the Earl of Shrewsbury to Thomas, Earl of Arundel (grandson of the 4th Duke). However, Bernard, 12th Duke of Norfolk, sold the estate to Henry Pelham-Clinton, 4th Duke of Newcastle under Lyne, who was consolidating his family's land holdings in Nottinghamshire. Newcastle ownership of the Manor lasted for little more than 50 years. In 1890 the Manor House and surrounding park land were sold to Sir John Robinson, with much of the remainder of the estate also being sold in separate lots.