Footnotes

Provenance:
Sotheby's Paris, 6 December 2007, lot 32

清乾隆 白玉雕螭龍牡丹紋如意

來源：
巴黎蘇富比2007年12月6日拍賣，拍品編號32

The current ruyi sceptre pays testament to the extraordinary levels of achievement by Imperial craftsmen in the Qianlong era, when abundant sources of high quality Khotan jade became available to the Court.

Ruyi sceptres reached their artistic zenith as a result of the Qianlong emperor's official request for ruyi sceptres to be presented by courtiers on Imperial birthdays and New Year celebrations; see E.R. Rawsky and J. Rawson, eds., China: The Three Emperors, 1662-1795, London, 2005, pl. 282. The sceptre conveyed wishes of longevity as symbolised in the lingzhi fungus-shaped head and in the meaning of ruyi 'as you wish', thus making it an appropriate present on the event of an Imperial birthday and the beginning of a New Year.

The Qing Dynasty Imperial interest in precious objects, including ruyi sceptres, is well illustrated in a white jade ruyi sceptre depicted in the Guwan tu scroll (Pictures of Ancient Playthings), scroll no.6, 1728, by anonymous Court artists, in the Percival David Foundation, London, see E.R. Rawsky and J. Rawson, eds., op.cit., Catalogue no.168.

Compare a related ruyi-sceptre from the Qing Court Collection, carved with a dragon and a phoenix clambering on the handle towards the lingzhi shaped head, illustrated in The Complete Collection of Treasures of the Palace Museum: Jadeware, Vol.III, Hong Kong, 1995, pl.29.

如意玉色潔白，拋光完善，其頭及柄部均雕上蝙蝠、螭龍及牡丹花，栩栩如生，柄末端飾以回紋。本如意彰顯出乾隆時期造辦處的精湛水準，同時也見證著當時和田白玉的大量輸入。

隨著乾隆皇室對如意的需求增加，以作皇室慶典及恭賀新禧之用，如意的工藝亦到了一個頂峰的水平，可參考Evelyn S. Rawsky 及 Jessica Rawson編，China : the Three Emperors, 1662-1795，倫敦，2005，圖版282。靈芝常象徵長壽，加上「如意」二字含諸事順遂之意，因此如意經常成為賀壽送禮的佳品。

清宮對古玩瑰寶尤其鍾愛，如Percival David Foundation藏《古玩圖》中便有描繪出一件精緻的白玉如意，見Evelyn S. Rawsky 及 Jessica Rawson一書，圖版168。

相比另一件清宮製白玉如意，上雕龍鳳遊走在如意頭及柄之間的例子，可參考《故宮博物院藏文物珍品大系──玉器》，香港，1995，圖版29。