Footnotes

• Treasury 4, no. 580
  
  水晶內畫漁父圖鼻煙壺
  壺：1750～1897
  內畫：馬少宣，北京，1897年
  
  An inside-painted rock-crystal 'landscape and figures' snuff bottle
  
  ('Five Literary Treasures')
  
  Crystal, ink, and watercolours; with a flat lip and recessed, flat, elongated foot surrounded by a protruding, flattened footrim of the same shape; painted on one main side with a collection of fans, ink rubbings and a calligraphic specimen, and on the other main side with a river or lake-side scene with a figure in a boat beneath a clump of trees on the bank, an arched stone bridge in the middle ground, and distant sailboats and the rooftops of a country residence beyond; inscribed in regular script '[Executed] on a spring day in the year dingyou by Ma Shaoxuan for the approval of Xisan, an honourable elder acquaintance,' followed by one seal of the artist, Shao, in negative seal script
  Bottle: 1750–1897
  Painting: Ma Shaoxuan, Studio for Listening to the Qin, Ox Street district, Beijing, spring, 1897
  Height: 6.33 cm
  Mouth/lip: 0.58/1.9 cm
  Stopper: jadeite; vinyl collar
  Illustration: watercolour by Peter Suart
  
  Condition: Material: some icy flaws natural to the stone. Bottle: possible minor nibbles removed from outer footrim, which is slightly bevelled, but it may have been made this way. Painting: studio condition
  
  Provenance:
  King Feng Arts, Hong Kong (1987)
  
  Published:
  Kleiner, Yang, and Shangraw 1994, no. 334
  Ma Zengshan 1997, p. 48, fig. 31
  Treasury 4, no. 580
  
  Exhibited:
  Hong Kong Museum of Art, March–June 1994
  National Museum, Singapore, November 1994–February 1995
  Christie's, London, 1999
  
  Commentary
  Ma first appears to have painted a series of documents in 1895 and did many more in that year and the years that followed. They may be divided into two main categories: those like this with a few individual paintings, calligraphy or rubbings neatly laid out in symmetrical order, and those where a series of often broken, burned, or fragmentary documents of a wider variety shown in a jumbled profusion. They are among Ma's most impressive paintings and those that remain in good condition are among his masterpieces. The calligraphic nature of many of the documents seems to have inspired Ma, and the subject itself is always intriguing in any case.
  
  The identification of the five works collected on one side of the bottle is given by Ma Zengshan 1997, pp. 101–103, where a more detailed version of what appears below is to be found. There are two fan paintings, one a folding fan, one a circular fan, two ink rubbings and one incomplete calligraphic work. The ink-rubbing at centre-right, alongside the circular fan painting, consists of two columns of four characters each. The phrases come from the 'Preface to the Holy Teachings,' a text composed by the Tang emperor Taizong for Xuanzhuang's (602–664) translation of the Tripitaka: '[There was a Dharma master named Xuanzhuang, who was a model for the Buddhist school of thought.] When young he was focused and clever, and at an early age he understood the Three Immaterialities'. The calligraphic style comes from Wang Xizhi. The Tang monk Huairen spent twenty-four years assembling characters selected from Wang Xizhi's running-script specimens in order to present to the emperor with his work in the handwriting of the calligrapher he admired most.
  
  The other rubbing, in the lower left-hand corner, reads 'The Palace of Nine Accomplishments [was built on the site of the Palace of Benevolence and Longevity] belonging to the Sui [dynasty].' An essay commemorating the rebuilding was later written by one of the leading calligraphers of the day, Ouyang Xun (557–641), and thence transcribed into stone so that rubbings could be disseminated. The folding fan is unsigned. The circular fan is signed, but with the name of a different artist than that on the example illustrated by Ma Zengshan, which is strange, since it is obviously the same painting represented. Here the signature is Bada shanren, the hao of Zhu Da (1626 — circa 1705), together with one illegible seal of the artist. This subject of a bird on a branch in this composition appears frequently on Ma's works, often as a subject in its own right, and is usually accompanied by this name, but in the version illustrated by
  Ma Zengshan, the signature is that of the early Qing master Yun Shouping. The calligraphy on the lower-right is an imitation of a fragment of a larger work by Pan Zuyin (1830–1890), an official, antique collector, and poet. The content is a poetic couplet by an eighth-century poet named Huangfu Ran. It may be translated
  
  Where does the water outside the door flow away to?
  Whose house does the tree grove on the horizon surround?
  
  There is one further illegible seal following the calligraphy, probably pretending to be a seal of Pan Zuyin, given its position and the fact that at this date Ma Shaoxuan was perfectly capable of producing a legible seal of his own if he chose to. The similar work discussed by Ma Zengshan has a poem inscribed on the back, which has allowed him to explore Ma's possible intent in this grouping of works and conclude that he was probably expressing the dedicated effort he had put into mastering the calligraphic and painting styles of past masters in order to enhance his own art. The usual symbolic content for groups of documents of the alternative kinds, which are damaged or fragmented, or represent antiquity in general is, as he points out, missing from this orderly and undamaged selection of paintings and calligraphy.
  
  The landscape on the other main side is one of Ma's more painstaking efforts and one he does not seem to have repeated elsewhere, which is unusual. It is of the standard, delightful scene of an idealized retreat by the side of a lake or river and probably represents an idealized scholar's home in the Jiangnan region. The painting is exceptional for his landscapes, with better brushwork and more integrated texturing than usual, and a very well controlled colour wash, fading into mist, for the distant mountain range.
  
  水晶內畫漁夫圖鼻煙壺
  
  水晶、墨、水彩顏料；平唇，平斂底，突出削平的圈足；一正面內畫像八破圖，一正面內畫山水圖上題"丁酉春日錫三仁兄大人正，馬少宣"，後加白文"少"篆印
  壺：1750–1897
  內畫：馬少宣，北京牛街，1897年春
  高：6.33 厘米
  口經/唇經：0.58/1.9 厘米
  蓋： 翡翠; 乙烯基座
  帶有彼德小話 (Peter Suart) 水彩畫
  
  狀態敘述： 質料： 有天然的如冰瑕形狀的瑕疵。 壺：圈足外沿稍微地形成斜面，或許是整修細微的咬痕的結果，或許就是這麼個圖計。內畫：出齋狀態
  
  來源：
  King Feng Arts, Hong Kong (1987)
  
  文獻：
  Kleiner, Yang, and Shangraw 1994, 編號 334
  Ma Zengshan 1997, p. 48, fig. 31
  Treasury 4, 編號 580
  
  展覽:
  Hong Kong Museum of Art, March–June 1994
  National Museum, Singapore, November 1994–February 1995
  Christie's, London, 1999
  
  說明
  關於本壺一面類似"八破圖"或"博古圖"的內畫內容，讀者應該參閱馬增善1998，頁86—91。 馬增善講的是1903年畫的一件，折扇扇面畫的是不同的山水，團扇扇面的花鳥畫倒是一樣的，但款識不是八大山人而是南田。正如馬氏指出，這幅畫不是"八破圖"，因為畫的都很完整，沒甚麼殘跡，也不是"博古圖"，因為右下的六言詩句是潘祖蔭作的，而潘祖蔭雖已成故人了（潘氏1890年卒），卻不是古時人。
  
  本壺另一面的山水圖比馬少宣一般畫的山水圖還好，而且是唯一的，不出現於馬少宣其他的內畫鼻煙壺。

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Category: Asian Art / Chinese Works of Art

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