Footnotes

• Provenance:
  From a British private collection
  
  Cf:
  An effigy pipe with distinct similarities to the present lot, dated 1760-1780 and identified as "possibly Anishinabe", can be found at the Musée McCord Museum of Canadian History in Montreal. Collected by Sir George Duncan Gibb (1821-1876), Librarian and Curator of the Natural History Society of Montreal, this example can be viewed online at http://www.mccord-museum.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/M11030 . Though differing in iconography, the rendering of the facial features on the bowl, including slit ear decorations, red-rimmed eyes, inlay coiffure, and artistic use of staining suggests a close kinship to the present lot, possibly executed by the same hand.
  
  For a comprehensive study of effigy pipes from the Algonquin-speaking inhabitants of Manitoulin Island in Lake Huron, including a consideration of the symbolism associated with the depiction of liquor vessels, see Brownstone, Arni, 2011, pp.54-63.