Footnotes

• Provenance:
  Acquired by the vendor in Buenos Aires, Argentina in 2001
  
  The Nordenfelt mechanical or machine gun was designed by the Swedish engineer Heldge Palmcrantz in around 1873. It consisted of up to twelve barrels arranged in a line. The mechanism is gravity-fed from a hopper, the ammunition dropping into a carrier-block. When the lever is pushed forward the carrier-block moves in line with the barrels chambering the cartridges which are subsequently discharged in sequence. On pulling the lever back, the sequence is reversed and the fired cases extracted, at the same time moving the carrier across to accept more cartridges. Depending on the speed of the operator, an average rate of fire was in the region of about 100 rounds a minute per barrel
  
  In 1878, in order to finance production, Palmcrantz approached Torsten Nordenfelt (1842-1920), a Swedish banker, based in London, who was importing steel into Britain. The original British patent was granted to J.H. Johnson on behalf of H. Palmcrantz, J.T. Wimborg and E. Unge on 13 May 1873 (no. 1739). On 17 September 1878 a further patent was granted to T. Nordenfelt on behalf of Palmcrantz which appears to have protected the overall design. Subsequent patents were granted on 18 December 1882 (no. 5324) and 11 May 1883 (no. 2401). Nordenfelt promoted the design widely, including the British military machine gun trials of 1879, and founded the Nordenfelt Gun and Ammunition Company with factories in Stockholm, Erith in Kent, and Spain. In a trial held at Nordenfelt's grounds near Dartford, Kent in July 1883 (as reported in the Times on 28 July), he trialled numerous firearms and ordnance of his own production in front of 'a very large company, composed of members of the army and navy, and representatives of foreign powers'. According to the same news report, 'The ten-barreled gun, mounted on a field carriage, ... gave 900 rounds in the minute, fired 100 rounds with spreading motion in seven seconds, 200 rounds at 30° of elevation in 13 seconds, and a like number at 30° of depression in 11 seconds'
  
  The British Navy appear to have used examples in Egypt in 1882, and some also accompanied General Hick's expedition to the Sudan the following year. They were still in service in 1889 at the battle of Wad al-Nujumi at Toski, although a quote from a subaltern of the IXth battalion of the Egyptian army suggests that by this time they had acquired a reputation for jamming. The British army had phased the Nordenfelt out of service by 1891 in favour of the Maxim gun, although a photograph of the Machine Gun Course at Enfield in 1905 suggests that they were still available for issue to the Army Ordnance Corps
  
  In 1888 Nordenfelt was forced to merge his company with that of Hiram Maxim, possibly with the coercion of Sir Basil Zaharoff (who had previously been promoting the Nordenfelt in competition with Maxim), forming the 'Maxim-Nordenfelt Guns and Ammunition Company'. Following a personal bankruptcy in 1890, Nordenfelt left the company and moved to France, starting the Société Nordenfelt, which was responsible for creating the eccentric screw-breech used on the French 75mm gun. In 1903 he retired to Stockholm, where he died in 1920
  
  Only two other ten-barrelled Nordenfelt's appear to be recorded, one on display at the Musée de l'Armée, Paris and the other at the Amsterdam War Memorial, Victoria, Australia (no. REL/05627)

Auction Notices

• Please note that one of the two other recorded examples is on display at the Australian War Memorial, Victoria, not 'the Amsterdam War Memorial' as stated in the online catalogue

Category: Arms and Armour